Combined Arms for Air Defense — FM 44-8

Air defense artillery units are a limited resource on the battlefield. Available ADA resources will be dedicated to the protection of assets deemed by commanders to be critical to the success of the tactical plan, leaving other assets without dedicated ADA coverage. All units with or without dedicated ADA support must contribute to their own defense against air attack. This manual is addressed to all unit commanders. It explains the air threat to units on the ground and places the threat in its proper perspective. It also explains how ground commanders can protect their units from air attack through the use of passive and active air defense measures.